Monday, April 27, 2015

Another Abby's Road review!!

frontcover
 
What a great way to start the week!
Abby's Road got a wonderful review: you can read it here
or here:
Book Review
Reviewed by Charity Tober for Readers' Favorite
Abby's Road, the Long and Winding Road to Adoption: And how Facebook, Aquaman and Theodore Roosevelt Helped by Michael Curry is much more than just a book with a long and quirky title. The story follows the journey of the author Michael and his wife Esther as they undergo infertility treatments and ultimately adoption in their endearing quest to become parents. Curry is refreshingly honest, descriptive and raw when describing this roller coaster of a time in his family’s life. As you can tell by the book’s title, Curry also has a sense of humor, which he demonstrates throughout the story (so many fun geek and pop culture mentions in this book). The quest to bring Abby home is an endearing and enlightening read to say the least.
Anyone going through infertility, difficulties conceiving or the adoption process will find a kindred spirit in author Michael Curry. And even those who have zero issues adding to their family will find this book informative regarding the real life struggles of other parents. The POV of a male will probably appeal to readers who are expectant or struggling fathers-to-be and I found the light-hearted tone throughout the book enjoyable. I applaud the author for revealing to readers not only the happy times but also the dark and heartbreaking moments that he and his wife endured. The author’s use of quoting his and his wife’s Facebook posts throughout the story was an accurate reflection of the current digital age and added a realistic tone to the book. Highly recommended!
***
 
Charity is very charitable!  Thank you for the great review from Reader's Favorite!
***
“Abby’s Road, the Long and Winding Road to Adoption and how Facebook, Aquaman and Theodore Roosevelt Helped” leads a couple through their days of infertility treatments and adoption. It is told with gentle (and sometimes not-so-gentle) humor from the perspective of a nerdy father and his loving and understanding wife.
Join Mike and Esther as they go through IUIs and IFVs, as they search for an adoption agency, are selected by a birth mother, prepare their house, prepare their family, prepare themselves and wait for their daughter to be born a thousand miles from home.
 
Winner, Honorable Mention, 2014, Great Midwest Book Festival
 
Original Material Copyright 2015 Michael Curry; the review copyright its holder or holders.

Sunday, April 26, 2015

Our Fighting Forces #168: DC's Bicentennial Losers!

DC SALUTES THE BICENTENNIAL
#13
Our Fighting Forces #168

OFF168 

Published bi-monthly, thirty cents, August
Cover artist: Luis Dominguez
Editor: Murray Boltinoff
            Our Fighting Forces ran for 181 issues from October 1951 until September of 1978, a victim of the DC Explosion/Implosion. In the previous year of this Bicentennial issue (1975), Jack Kirby left the magazine after eleven issues.
            It was a typical war anthology in the 1950s and by the 1960s featured specific characters or “stars”, including Gunner and Sarge, Lt. Hunter’s Hellcats and the Fighting Devil Dog Lt. Larry Rock (Sgt. Rock’s brother). The Losers became the star feature in January of 1970 with issue #123.
            The Losers were four DC Comics war heroes from other defunct series or cancelled magazines:  Capt. Storm (Navy) from his own series Capt. Storm which lasted 18 issues, Johnny Cloud (Army Air Corps) from All-American Men of War, and Gunner & Sarge (“Mud”-Marines) who also appeared in All-American Men of War and earlier issues of Our Fighting Forces.
            The Losers “formed” in GI Combat #138 (October 1969) as POWs rescued by the crew of the Haunted Tank - the lead feature of GI Combat. DC (National) kept them together in best “Dirty Dozen” fashion as a strike force or task force with each issue a special mission (somewhere in between the straight-forward military adventures of Sgt. Rock/the Haunted Tank and the espionage/saboteur tales of the Unknown Soldier). In between they resumed their duties in their individual branches as back-up solo stories.

 Losers

            The Losers were killed off during the Crisis on Infinite Earth … twice: once by the Anti-Monitor’s troops and again, the publisher’s blood lust still unsatisfied, Losers Special #1 by the Nazis. They were brought back briefly in the year 2000 as part of the Creature Commandoes. Don’t ask…
***
“A Cold Day to Die”, Robert (this issue called “Bob”) Kanigher ( w ), George Evans (a)
            In Norway, the Losers are captured and will be hung if they do not reveal their mission. Their accomplice, sometimes Loser Ona Tomsen, a leader of the Norwegian underground, will hang with them!
            Flashback to the beginning - the Losers parachute into Norway fighting off Nazis shooting at them as they land. Gunner is hit. Ona takes them to the plant that they are ordered to destroy - a plant making “heavy water” used in atomic bomb research.
            They plant the explosives but are captured and walked to the gallows. Captain Storm asks for one last cigarette and detonates the explosives with a devise in his wooden leg. The Losers escape the Nazis and rescued by the underground.

Navaho Ace Johnny Cloud in “Death Knocks 5 Times”, Ex-Lt. Bart Regan ( w ), ER Cruz (a)
            One kill shy from making Ace, Ben lands his fighter while Johnny Cloud waits. Cloud finds Ben dead in his ship - even dead he brought it down safely.
            The base is strafed by Nazis, Cloud takes Ben’s plane up with Ben still in it and dispatches the Nazi. Lying in wait in the clouds is Ben’s real killer! The Nazi shoot Ben’s plane and Cloud jumps for safety. The Nazi is about to kill the parachuting Cloud when Ben’s plane, with Ben still clutching the stick in a death grip, collides with the Nazi. His fifth kill. Ben made ace after all...


Mail Call: Jack C. Harris answered the letters of ... Eric Ehrlich of North Platte, NE (positive, but spotted a few gaffes), Edward Wojcik of Detroit, Michigan asked for the return of Gunner and Sarge’s dog Pooch (and we were so promised) as well as other unused DC battle stars to join the Losers), and Teddy Arnold of Houston TX asks for a Losers/Blackhawk team-up. The last paragraph is a plug for GI Combat.
*** 
             The Losers were brought back as a gritty modern commando group for 32 issues in the 2000s. 
 new losers
             Remember the movie they made based on the comic? Neither do I…

 losers movie

            Was the Bicentennial numbering of Our Fighting Forces (unlucky 13) intentional? Doubtful, it seems DC didn’t put much thought into this Bicentennial promotion (going back to the Superman #300 or Star-Spangled War Stories #200 potential...). Too bad. Can you imagine the reaction of this self-deprecating group of characters? “Leave it to the Losers to be Bicentennial Banner #13...”
 ***
            Join me for my next review of one of my favorite comic series: DC’s Bicentennial issue #14: Weird War Tales #47

Original Material copyright 2015 Michael Curry
Images used are copyright their respective holders and reproduced here under the “Fair Use” doctrine of 17 USC 106 & 106a for the purposes of criticism and comment.

Saturday, April 25, 2015

Bicentennial Plops!

DC SALUTES THE BICENTENNIAL
#12
Plop! #22

plop22 

Published bi-monthly, fifty cents, 48 page “Giant”, August
Cover artist: Dave Manak
Editor: Joe Orlando
            Plop!Plop!? I’ve dreaded this moment ever since I decided to do a blog series on the comics that made up the “DC Salutes the Bicentennial” event. How on earth am I going to do an issue synopsis on Plop!?
            Plop! was DC’s attempt at copying the underground comics common at the time. It started as a small humor strip in House of Mystery, but that didn’t quite fit the genre. Well, why not take the strip and similar ideas by (at the time) new young hipster writers like Steve Skeates and put them all into their own comic?  Horror comics have had their skeletal fingers in the western genre (Weird Western Tales), war titles (Weird War Tales), even romance books (Dark Mansion of Forbidden Love), so why not humor?
            Thus was published the first issue of the Magazine of Weird Humor on October 1973 through 24 issues ending in November of 1976.
            Legend, or in this case Steve Skeates, says it was originally going to be called “Zany”. Skeates, Orlando and Carmine Infantino discussed the title. Skeates said it could be called anything as long as it was funny. Carmine Infantino made the snarky comment that they couldn’t call it, for example, “Plop!” They could. And they did. 
            Plop! contained mostly single panel or single page strips. A few strips ran for several pages.  Jokes and puns were written in the blanks between panels - right-side-up, upside-down, sideways, etc.  What city is made out of hard stone? Flint. In what city do people wander? Rome.
            The illustrated gags were simple and silly but always done in the macabre or horror vein. A doctor walks into a waiting room to tell a vampire, “It’s a bat!” That sort of thing (and using “vampire” and “vein” in a paragraph together is another example. Hey, this stuff writes itself!)
            Our hosts for all this frivolity were Cain from House of Mystery, Abel from House of Secrets and Eve from Secrets of Sinister House (and other comics - she moved around a lot...).
***
            The Table of Ploptents {sigh} for the issue is as follows (the creators - writers and artists are unknown unless otherwise noted):
The Kicking Man - John Albano. An abusive man kills the father of a beautiful girl to mary her. He kicks things when he is angry - including his new bride. The bride asks a witch to curse him. He has his leg amputated because of the curse. Does that stop his kicking? Kind of - now he whacks people with his severed leg...

uplop kicking man

Prison Plops
People Plops
The Plopular Person of the Month - by Basil Wolverton. This was a regular feature in the comic by this legendary artist!
Maybe I Just Have Big Bones - John Albano & Bill Draut. A fat man takes enough pills to lose several hundred pounds to please his wife. Now he has too much loose skin! A face lift makes him handsome! It even shows off the striking cleft in his chin! No, that’s his navel...
Prescription Plops - Ford Button
Peter Pureheart - Joe Orlando ( w ) - Orladno? I like when the management gets their hands dirty! & John Albano (a)
The Dirty Thief - Steve Skeates ( w ) and the legendary Sergio Aragones (a). A husband tired of his wife’s compulsive cleaning tries to rob a bank to make enough money to divorce her. He creates a formula turning him into micro-size particles so he can sneak under the bank vault. Before he can leave the house, his wife vacuums him up and throws him in the trash...
Animal Plops - Don Edwins ( w ) & Dave Manak (a). An experiment to see why elephants are afraid of mice. Ends up they swallow elephants in one gulp!
Plopular Poetry - written and drawn by the incomparable Wally Wood! One creation was the Mangaroo!
  plopular poetry

The Cross-Eyed Pussycat - John Albano ( w ) and Scarpello (a). I remember this strip from other comics - usually a one-panel fill-in to complete the page. An internet search cannot find any other appearances other than Plop, but this strip was used as fill-in elsewhere in the DC Universe...
Historical Plops - Don Edwins ( w ) & Dave Manak (a)
A Tale Before Sunrise - Steve Skeates ( w ), Vincent Alcazar (a). A vampire hunter sees a caped figure rounding a corner. He attacks it with a stake! In the last panel he is arrested for murdering Batman! Plop was one of the stranger team-up suggestions in an issue of The Brave and the Bold. The editors in that comic may have published it to “prove” the reader was randomly naming DC “characters” to try to humiliate him, but a comic filled with Batman-themed gags would definitely be one for the history books! This strip was reprinted in the Best of DC digest #63 (an all-Plop issue).
Hunting Plops
Monster Plops - Ron Edwards ( w ) & Dave Manak (a) - in one gag a vampire hunter opens a coffin and hammers in a stake. In the last panel the vampire is leaping in pain with a stake out of his rear end. How was I to know he slept on his stomach, the hunter asked.
Spaced-Out Plops - Dave Manak
The Final Plop - Robert Johnson
            Gee, a plot synopsis was possible...


Plop Drops, letter column. The letter were something straight out of “Catcher in the Rye”: kids complaining about how awful the magazine was ... all in fun, supposedly...
Jimmy Holcomb of Mesquite, TX asked why they started putting ads in the comic; Anonymous (Plop is infesting his favorite store and chases customers away), Linus Sabalys of Laval PQ, Canada predicted Plop will burn out soon (he was right! It lasted only two more issues!), Ron Lindsey of Augusta, GA (Plop will make you sick, scare away cockroaches and can be used as a weapon in the next war), Ken Kemble of San Antonio, TX lists Plop’s good qualities: (a blank paragraph), in a separate paragraph the editor asks that anyone submitting jokes and gags needs to provide a return envelope, Mike Thompson of Lockemup Prison enjoys Prison Plops the most, Mott the Hobbit of Middle Earth asks simply ... why? Unsigned has a long letter describing his prison life and the effect the magazine has on him and his cell mate at the insane asylum, Mike White of Mackinaw, IL says Plop is the worst, by that he means the best ... etc.,  Anonymous of Glutton, VT wants more sergio Aragones - although he asks why Aragones would leave MAD to work at this rag... and the editor announces they will no longer publish anonymous/unsigned letters. The person answering/commenting is likely Paul Levitz.
***
            The truly sad thing? After almost 40 years there will still be ten-year-olds reading this issue and wetting themselves from laughing so hard...
            I kid. Truthfully? Kudos to DC for trying to honestly do something different. Even Marvel’s attempt at humor was stuck firmly in the MAD vein or comics such as Not Brand Echh, a satire with its toes still dipped in the superhero genre.  Plop lasted for three years. The reprints in various “Best of DC” digests in the late 1970s are some of the most sought-after of that series. Plop is not too expensive on the secondary markets (but not cheap either) yet devilishly hard to find!
            You might say even after all these years the comic is still very Plopular.
            You knew I had to end this on a bad pun, right? ...
 ***
            Join me for my next review of DC’s Bicentennial comics! Who else would be issue # Unlucky 13 except the Losers of Our Fighting Forces.

Original Material copyright 2015 Michael Curry
Images used are copyright their respective holders and reproduced here under the “Fair Use” doctrine of 17 USC 106 & 106a for the purposes of criticism and comment.

Friday, April 24, 2015

Batman #277: DC Bicentennial Blog continues!

DC SALUTES THE BICENTENNIAL
#11
Batman #277

277 cover

Published monthly, thirty cents, July
Cover artist: Ernie Chua (Chan)
Editor: Julius Schwartz
            Batman debuted in Detective Comics #27 cover dated May of 1939. The next spring in 1940 he was given his own comic. Batman #1 featured the debut of iconic villains the Joker and Catwoman. For the past 70+ years, renamings and renumberings notwithstanding, there has been a Batman comic book published ever since.
            By the time of the Bicentennial, though, Batman was suffering a lull in sales, if not popularity. The popularity of the television show in the 1960s turned the comic into a campy child-like (or even child-ish) version of the Caped Crusader.  The 1970s turned him back into the dark knight of vengence. The pendulum swung even farther in that direction in the 1980s and has yet to swing back to even a middle ground. That is in the future, however, on July 1976, Batman the character and the comic were somewhere in between...
***
            “The Riddle of the Man Who Walked Backwards”, David V. Reed (w), Ernie Chua and Tex Blaisdell (a)
            A Black-Lagoon-ish sea creature terrorizes the sitizens of a Florida resort town. A vacationing Bruce Wayne and girlfriend investigate and fight off the beast near a cave on the beach.

277-1

            The next night Batman stakes out the cave and spots a man land his small boat on the beach and walk backwards into the cave - sweeping away his prints.

277 backwards

            Batman enters the cave and fights off the stranger only to be knocked out by a third man!
            Batman awakes ... as Bruce Wayne! His assailant is dead and Wayne arrested. He escapes from the local jail and meets Alfred. Alfred had followed Batman to the cave and quickly removed his costume to protect his identity from the killer and the police!
            Escaping, Batman - back in costume - searches the cave for clues and finds oily goo, that leads him to an off-shore oil rig. He overhears crooks talking about a “drop”. They catch Batman and throw him in a huge tube under the sea.

277 tube

            Escaping again, Batman goes to the new drop point discussed by the crooks in the rig - their old drop point, the cave, is now compromised. He fights the sea creature again - it is one of the crooks in disguise, and stops their drug-smuggling ring.
            Bruce Wayne is released and returns to Gotham City, where an unbelievable naive Jim Gordon believes that he and Batman being at the same Florida resort is entirely a coincidence...


Letters to the Batman, answered by the Answer Man himself, Bob Rozakis for issue #273. Rod McLaughlin of Ramsey, Mont. (positive), Peter Sanderson of New York, NY (guesses that David V Reed is another name for Julius Schwartz;  Rozakis debunks it), Fred Schneider of New York, NY, Mike White, Mackinaw, IL, & Michael D. Darguy of Royal, MI all contribute with positive comments.
***
            Join me for my next review of DC’s Bicentennial issue #12, a little magazine called PLOP!

Original Material copyright 2015 Michael Curry
Images used are copyright their respective holders and reproduced here under the “Fair Use” doctrine of 17 USC 106 & 106a for the purposes of criticism and comment.

Sunday, April 19, 2015

House of Mystery #243: my blog series on DC's Bicentennial issues continues!

Do You Dare Read …

hom iconic 

DC SALUTES THE BICENTENNIAL
#10
House of Mystery #243

 HOM 243

Published monthly, thirty cents, August
Cover artist: Ricardo Villagran
Editor: Joe Orlando

            House of Mystery was the most successful of the many excellent horror anthologies DC released in its catalogue. The first issue was published in December 1951 and lasted 321 issues until (appropriately) October 1983.  There have been various revivals of the title since with mixed success.
            Because of the Comics Code, HoM changed formats in the mid-1950s to more science fiction/suspense stories.  It soon became a home to superheroes - Martian Manhunter and Dial H for Hero mainly. By July 1968, the Code weakened its grip allowing DC to hire Joe Orlando to bring the magazine back to horror stories with issue 174 (a reprint issue - new stories resumed with #175). #175 introduced the House’s caretaker, Cain, whose own “adventures” occasionally book-ended the issues. He would introduce most stories and provide a comment in the final panel.

 cain
***
            “Brother Bear”, Bob Haney ( w ), Franc C Reyes (a); Zebulon Hunt heads to the electric chair, having been found guilty and convicted for murder.
            In his resort in the far north, he used his airplane to hunt down and chase polar bears. He would land after the bears were tired out to shoot them for trophies. His manservant, the Inuit named Umiak, protested. This got him a smack from Hunt for his trouble...
            Hunt later killed a bear Umiak was himself hunting ... although it looked more like the manservant and the beast were communicating with each other ... somehow...
            Hunt finally found the huge bear rumored to be in the area - the biggest on record! He chased, it, shot it, decapitated it and took the head to be stuffed as a trophy. When the taxidermists opened the crate they found the head ... of Umiak!
***
            “Things Like That Don’t Happen”, Sheldon Meyer     ( w ), Jess Jodloman (a)
            Sid and Millie Barnes were found dead on the beach.
            Flashback to Sid finding Millie on the boardwalk after hours in front of her favorite attraction - the fortune-telling machine containing the wooden mannequin of a Gypsy King. Sid begs her for $2000.00 - the last of her inheritance for yet another “investment” scheme.  After an argument she relents and gives him the money.
            The Gypsy King dummy falls over and Millie sets it upright again. A fortune card pops out of the machine: “24 Black Gets It All Back”.
            Millie discovers Sid’s “investment” was a roulette table! Sid is already down to the last $50.00 of the $2,000.00 as Millie swoops the money away and puts it on 24. A winner! She lets it ride. Another winner! She wins back her $2,000.00 and leaves. Sid follows.
            They argue on the beach. Sid knocks Millie down, killing her accidentally. Since no one would believe it was an accident, he buries her on the beach. A third party sneaks behind Sid and kills him! The police find tracks in the sand leading to and from the boardwalk and the fortune telling machine. The Gypsy King’s shoes are filled with sand...
 
 
Cain’s Mailroom. Managing Editor Paul Levitz answers letters as Cain on issue #239.  Linas Sabalys of Laval, PQ, Canada had both positive and negative comments, Arthur Grance of Staten Island, NY (positive), Sam MCHendley of BerkeleyCA requested Cain no longer host Plop as it is beneath him...

Next: DC’s Bicentennial Banner #11 - Batman #277!

***

Original Material copyright 2015 Michael Curry

Images used are copyright their respective holders and reproduced here under the “Fair Use” doctrine of 17 USC 106 & 106a for the purposes of criticism and comment.

Saturday, April 18, 2015

Happy 77th Birthday! Superman #301: the Bicentennial Blog continues!

DC SALUTES THE BICENTENNIAL
#9
Superman #301
Superman 301
Published monthly, thirty cents, July
Cover artist: Jose Luis Garcia Lopez & Bob Wiacek
Editor: Julius Schwartz
           I must admit it is a coincidence that I am posting this blog 77 years to the day when Action Comics #1 hit the stands! But what a wonderful way to celebrate!
           Superman, the comic and the character, was DC’s sales juggernaut in the 1970s, even before the movie starring Christopher Reeve. The annual sales statement “required” of every comic book published showed this magazine was selling 216,122 copies*. A good amount for the time - and today as well!
            Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 cover dated June 1938. One year later - cover dated June 1939 - Superman was given his own comic. It was the first comic book devoted to the adventures of one superhero. The first issue reprinted the serial from the first few issues of Action Comics as well as original material. And for the past 75 years, renamings and renumberings notwithstanding, there has been a solo Superman series published ever since.
            Other than that, c’mon if you don’t know who Superman is, are YOU reading the wrong blog. But for more of a biography, check out my previous blog post spotlighting famous adoptees real and otherwise: http://michaelgcurry.com/2014/11/05/the-most-famous-adoptee-of-all-national-adoption-month-spotlight-on/
***
            “Solomon Grundy Wins on a Monday”, Gerry Conway ( w ), Jose Luis Garcia Lopez and Bob Oksner (a)
            The Joker’s Hostess ad appears in this comic.
            Terry Austin and Bob Wiacek’s names appear on a theater marquis. Austin’s distinct artist’s signature appears on a restaurant sign.
            Coincidental continuity worthy of Marvel: Superman mentions the rest of the Justice League are away on a mission in space. Justice League of America #132 (discussed here) begins with the JLA indeed returning from a mission in space!
            A new criminal organization, Skull, who would torment Superman and Metropolis for many years to come, enters - filling the gap left from the now-defunct Intergang.
Grundy GL
            Solomon Grundy, trapped in Slaughter Swamp on Earth 2 by the Green Lanterns of Earth 1 and Earth 2 (Hal Jordan and Alan Scott back in Justice League of America #92), realizes that if his hated enemy Green Lantern has a double on another earth, he might have one, too! Somehow he teleports to Earth 1 Metropolis to search for HIS counterpart (this set a probably-unrealized precedent: The Brave and the Bold #200 featured a villain, Brimstone, who was so outraged at the death of his earth’s Batman that he transported his mind to his counter-part on Earth 1 to battle THAT Batman – obviously you can teleport between earths with raging emotions as well as a cosmic treadmill!). Superman and Solomon Grundy battle, while the swamp takes over the city. Superman disguises himself as an Earth 1 Solomon Grundy and lures his doppleganger to the moon, stranding him there.
roast
             And that was the end of Solomon Grundy ... not by a long shot!
Superfriends
 
            All the while, Clark Kent and his new girlfriend/groupie Terri Cross report on the battle. Clark Kent? Actually, it was Steve Lombard hypnotized by Superman into protecting his antagonist’s secret identity.
            The last several issues sought to change the old status quo of the Superman mythos - giving Kent a new girlfriend and giving him (and Superman) more spine and attitude. “This isn’t even a challenge,” he tells some Skull cronies...
Not that Superman #300 needed the extra sales boost, but why not bend the rules a bit and delay the release of that milestone until the July cover date and make it a Bicentennial comic? Marvel did that with Captain America #200!

Metropolis Mailbag: E. Nelson Bridwell answers the queries. Letters for Superman #296 were all positive; Jonathan Kuntz, Los Angeles, CA, Adam Castro, New Rochelle, NY, Scott Gibson, Evergreen CO, Ken Regalado, South Pasadena, CA (pointed out some flaws in the story, although was mainly positive), Bob Robinson, Lincoln, NE, and Mark Zutkoff, Timoniom, MD
Metropolis Mailbag Extra: E. Nelson Bridwell. Letters for Superman #297 were mostly positive; Hugh J. Leach, Mason, MI, Jack Gregotz, Mayfield Heights, OH, Roger Thomas Enevoldesen, North Augusta, SC, Ronald M. Fitz, Valparaiso, IN, Mary E. ReCasino, Vernon, CT, FL Watkins, Champaign, IL, Kevin L. Callahan, Brea, CA, and Dave Wilcox, Arlington Heights, IL (a negative letter - E. Nelson Bridwell says this was only one of two negative letters received on this issue. An incredible feat if true...).
 

* Here is a sample of sales figures published in DC’s annual “required by law” financial statement for 1976:
Brave and Bold: 151,000
Justice League of America: 193,000
World’s Finest: 132,185
Adventure Comics: 104,309
Superman: 216,122
Superman Family: 156,636


Next in my blog series of DC Comics’ Bicentennial issues: House of Mystery #243


***

Original Material copyright 2015 Michael Curry

Images used are copyright their respective holders and reproduced here under the “Fair Use” doctrine of 17 USC 106 & 106a for the purposes of criticism and comment.